Designing a vaccine starts with finding the right ingredients. Every infectious agent has molecules, called antigens, that the immune system could potentially recognize and attack. So scientists must ...

Spectral tunability, to allow control over the direction of energy flow among constituent quantum dots in a single complex. Ideally, the tunability is realized based on systematically varying a single ...

In a new study, researchers show that one way to improve the body's immune response to vaccines is to factor in antigen valency. Valency refers to the number of antibody binding sites on an antigen.

Valency is the combining power of an element. Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same valency. The valency of an element is related to how many electrons are in the outer shell.