Blood flows through the heart and generates noises known as heart sounds. These noises occur due to heart valves opening and closing as the heart pumps blood. A doctor can gain valuable information by ...

An S4 heart sound cannot be present during atrial fibrillation (atrial kick is required). An S3 heart sound cannot be present in the setting of severe mitral stenosis. An S3 heart sound can be present ...

The heartbeat and other bodily processes play a surprising role in shaping perception and cognition. We consider the brain the very center of who we are and what we do: ruler of our senses, master of ...