A bi-directional current source for a grounded load will always have some complication in its construction. The improved Howland Current Pump as shown in Figure 1 is the most frequent choice for this ...

Testing power supplies and batteries requires current loads capable of sinking large current and dissipating substantial amounts of power. A simple but accurate current load can be built using just a ...

Most circuits that require current loss detection use expensive isolation amplifiers. This circuit solves that problem with a simple and low-cost method to detect current loss of 4-20 mA. To view the ...

These light up paper circuit cards were much easier to make than I expected and only need a few inexpensive materials.