Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has emerged as an indispensable tool in elucidating protein dynamics at atomic resolution. In particular, studies on aromatic side chains have revealed ...

Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is an established analytical technique that probes the differential absorption of left- and right-handed circularly polarised light by chiral biomolecules. In ...

Membrane proteins are vital for cellular signaling, transport, and communication, making them attractive drug targets despite their challenging properties. Advances in mass spectrometry have enabled ...

The biopharmaceutical sector is transitioning from reactive off-line quality control to a proactive quality by design (QbD) framework. Process analytical technology (PAT) enables this shift through ...

Transferrin is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 80 kDa, synthesized in the liver. Each transferrin molecule can bind up to two iron atoms for distribution to cells. The half-life of ...