How BMP signaling integrates into and destabilizes the pluripotency circuitry of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to initiate differentiation into individual germ layers is a long-standing puzzle.
TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, inhibits osteoblast differentiation under diverse inflammatory conditions; however, the underlying mechanisms in terms of the TNF-α signaling pathway remain unclear.
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