It has been demonstrated that particles reach a dynamic equilibrium level in normal operating machines. The theory is based on the fact that if particles are generated at a constant rate and are then ...

Dynamic equilibrium condition (DEC) is described as a steady-state condition at which the normal wear rate in a machine causes no net gain or loss of particles. The concept of DEC of particles is ...

New uncertainty: A relationship between time and dissipation rate has been established in the laboratory. (Courtesy: iStock Greyfebruary) A “speed limit” on changes in non-equilibrium systems that was ...

Consider a topologically transitive countable Markov shift and, let 𝑓 be a summable potential with bounded variation and finite Gurevic pressure. We prove that there exists an equilibrium state ...