As the gel is rubbed onto the skin, the sharp-ended stars roll across the epidermis, poking minuscule holes in it. Although those "micro-wounds" close up quickly, they remain open long enough for the ...

Vacuolar saps were extracted from individual, anatomically uniform cells of the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a modified pressure ...