Almost perfect nonlinear (APN) functions play a pivotal role in cryptography, particularly in securing symmetric key algorithms against differential attacks. Their algebraic properties, including ...

Real numbers are, in fact, pretty much any number that you can think of. This can include whole numbers or integers, fractions, rational numbers and irrational numbers. Real numbers can be positive or ...

In 1886 the mathematician Leopold Kronecker famously said, “God Himself made the whole numbers — everything else is the work of men.” Indeed, mathematicians have introduced new sets of numbers besides ...